MOTS-c is a mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded by a short open reading frame within the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. It plays a critical role in cellular energy regulation by modulating metabolic pathways, including glucose metabolism and fatty acid oxidation, to enhance stress resistance and maintain homeostasis. Emerging research suggests that MOTS-c has potential therapeutic applications in aging, obesity, and metabolic disorders due to its ability to influence key metabolic and signaling pathways.